All of the following factors can cause net exports to change:
-
Changes in exchange rates: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of a country's goods and services, thereby impacting exports and imports.
-
Changes in national income abroad: When national income in other countries rises, demand for exports may increase, affecting net exports positively.
-
Changes in price level: If a country's price level rises relative to other countries, its goods may become more expensive for foreign buyers, potentially reducing exports and increasing imports, thus affecting net exports.
-
Changes in interest rates: Changes in interest rates can influence capital flows and exchange rates, which in turn can impact net exports. Higher interest rates may strengthen a country's currency and affect export competitiveness.
Therefore, all the options listed can cause changes in net exports.