Question

Which of these is a disturbance that would trigger primary succession?(1 point)
Responses

glacial retreat
glacial retreat
wildfire
wildfire
livestock grazing
livestock grazing
road construction

Answer 1

Primary succession occurs in environments that are devoid of soil and life, typically after a disturbance that creates bare substrate. Among the options provided, **glacial retreat** is the disturbance that would trigger primary succession, as it exposes new land that has not previously supported life.

The other options, such as wildfire, livestock grazing, and road construction, typically affect areas that already have some level of soil and biological activity, which would instead be examples of secondary succession.