Question

Which of these is a disturbance that would trigger primary succession?(1 point)
Responses

livestock grazing
livestock grazing

road construction
road construction

glacial retreat
glacial retreat

wildfire

Answer 1

The correct response is **glacial retreat**. Primary succession occurs in an area where no soil exists, such as in the aftermath of glacial retreat, allowing new ecosystems to develop from bare rock and other substrates. The other options would typically trigger secondary succession, which occurs in areas where soil and some organisms still exist.