Question

Which of these is a disturbance that would trigger primary succession?(1 point)
Responses

wildfire
wildfire

livestock grazing
livestock grazing

glacial retreat
glacial retreat

road construction

Answer 1

Primary succession occurs in environments that are newly formed or exposed and where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. Among the options you provided, **glacial retreat** is the disturbance that would trigger primary succession, as it exposes bare rock and creates a new habitat for organisms to colonize.