Question

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898, by the Office of the Historian,
U.S. Department of State
America’s annexation of Hawaii in 1898 extended U.S. territory into the Pacific. . . . For most
of the 1800s, leaders in Washington were concerned that Hawaii might become part of a
European nation’s empire. During the 1830s, Britain and France forced Hawaii to accept
treaties giving them economic privileges. In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster sent
a letter to Hawaiian agents in Washington affirming U.S. interests in Hawaii and opposing
annexation by any other nation. He also proposed to Great Britain and France that no nation
should seek special privileges or engage in further colonization of the islands. In 1849, the
United States and Hawaii concluded a treaty of friendship that served as the basis of official
relations between the parties.
A key provisioning spot for American whaling ships, fertile ground for American protestant
missionaries, and a new source of sugar cane production, Hawaii’s economy became
increasingly integrated with the United States. An 1875 trade reciprocity treaty further linked
the two countries and U.S. sugar plantation owners from the United States came to dominate
the economy and politics of the islands. When Queen Liliuokalani moved to establish a
stronger monarchy, Americans under the leadership of Samuel Dole deposed her in 1893.
The planters’ belief that a coup and annexation by the United States would remove the
threat of a devastating tariff on their sugar also spurred them to action. The administration
of President Benjamin Harrison encouraged the takeover, and dispatched sailors from the
USS Boston to the islands to surround the royal palace. The U.S. minister to Hawaii, John L.
Stevens, worked closely with the new government.
Dole sent a delegation to Washington in 1894 seeking annexation, but the new President,
Grover Cleveland, opposed annexation and tried to restore the Queen. Dole declared Hawaii
an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War,
the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley. Hawaii
was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor. Racial attitudes and party
politics in the United States deferred statehood until a bipartisan compromise linked Hawaii’s
status to Alaska, and both became states in 1959.

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Answer 1

The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 expanded American territory in the Pacific, driven by concerns that Hawaii might fall under European control. Throughout the 19th century, U.S. officials, including Secretary of State Daniel Webster, expressed interest in Hawaii, supporting treaties that favored American economic interests. The 1875 trade reciprocity treaty further integrated Hawaii's economy with that of the U.S., leading American sugar planters to dominate local politics. In 1893, after Queen Liliuokalani attempted to strengthen the monarchy, she was deposed in a coup led by planter Samuel Dole, supported by the U.S. government. Although President Grover Cleveland opposed annexation and sought to restore the Queen, the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 amid rising nationalism from the Spanish-American War. Hawaii became a territory in 1900, with Dole as its first governor, and statehood was delayed until 1959 when it was linked to Alaska in a bipartisan compromise.