how can you reword these research hypotheses to null hypotheses:

a. smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a child being born prematurely.

b. regular exercise in older adults decreases blood pressure levels.

3 answers

Ho: Smoking during pregnancy is not related to premature birth.

Ho: Exercise in older adults is not related to blood pressure levels.
How could you reword the research hypotheses below to null hypotheses?a. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a child being born prematurely.
In a police-involved domestic violence incident, a male perpetrator will be arrested if there is physical injury to the victim.
Youth involved in the Boys and Girls Club will have increased academic success.
Cancer patients who attend support groups will experience lower rates of depression.