Question

Ouline the following features of node addressing methods
. Circuit switching

Answer 1

Circuit switching is a method used in telecommunications to establish a dedicated communication channel between two endpoints for the duration of the conversation. Here’s an outline of the features of circuit switching:

### 1. Dedicated Communication Channel
- **Establishment of a Path**: A specific, dedicated path is established for the entire duration of the connection between the two communicating nodes.
- **Constant Availability**: Once the circuit is established, the path is reserved and remains available exclusively for the two parties involved, irrespective of the actual data transmission.

### 2. Connection Setup
- **Call Setup Phase**: Before any data can be transmitted, a connection setup phase is required where signaling messages are exchanged to establish the dedicated circuit.
- **Three-Phase Process**: The process usually involves three phases: call setup, data transfer, and call teardown.

### 3. Predictable Latency
- **Guaranteed Delay**: Because the path is dedicated, there is predictable latency in data transmission, making it suitable for real-time applications like voice calls.
- **Minimal Variance**: The consistent route contributes to minimal variance in delays, which is essential for maintaining quality in services such as voice or video communications.

### 4. Resource Utilization
- **Fixed Bandwidth Allocation**: The dedicated circuit typically allocates a fixed amount of bandwidth for the session, which can lead to inefficient resource utilization during idle periods.
- **Potential Wastage**: If the circuit is not fully utilized (e.g., during pauses in conversation), bandwidth may be wasted as it remains dedicated to that connection.

### 5. Quality of Service (QoS)
- **High QoS**: Circuit-switched networks often provide a high quality of service because the resources are dedicated and managed for each call.
- **Consistent Performance**: Users experience consistent throughput and reliability as entire resources are not shared with other traffic.

### 6. Scalability Challenges
- **Limited Scalability**: Circuit switching can face scalability issues under heavy loads because establishing a new circuit requires sufficient available resources.
- **Blocking**: If all circuits are busy, new calls may be blocked or denied service until a circuit becomes free.

### 7. Examples of Use
- **Traditional Telephone Networks**: Circuit switching is the primary method used in traditional analog telephone systems where a dedicated line is made between the caller and receiver.
- **Some Data Networks**: Although more common in voice applications, some early data networks also used circuit-switched principles.

### 8. Comparison to Other Methods
- **Contrasts with Packet Switching**: In contrast to packet switching, where data is broken down into packets and shared across various routes, circuit switching provides a single pathway for the duration of the session.
- **Suitability for Voice vs. Data**: More suitable for voice (real-time) communications rather than bursty data traffic, which may benefit more from the flexibility of packet switching.

In summary, circuit switching is a reliable and efficient method for real-time communications, particularly in voice networks, but faces challenges in terms of resource utilization and scalability when used in data networks.