Cytology tests are laboratory procedures used to examine cells from various tissues to diagnose diseases, most notably cancer. The two main branches of cytology tests are:
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Exfoliative Cytology: This branch involves the collection and examination of cells shed from epithelial surfaces. The cells are obtained through non-invasive procedures and can be collected from various sites, including:
- Pap Smear: A well-known example, where cells are collected from the cervix to screen for cervical cancer and other abnormalities.
- Bronchial Washings: Cells are collected from the respiratory tract to diagnose lung conditions or cancers.
- Urine Cytology: Involves examining cells found in urine to identify bladder cancer or other urinary tract conditions.
Exfoliative cytology is beneficial for early detection of cancers and other diseases, as it provides a relatively easy method of sampling without requiring invasive techniques.
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Aspiration Cytology: This branch involves the collection of cells directly from a lump, mass, or organ through a needle. It provides a more targeted approach and is often used for the diagnosis of solid tumors. Key examples include:
- Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB): A thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass to extract cells for examination. It is commonly used for thyroid nodules, breast lumps, lymph nodes, and other solid tumors.
- Core Needle Biopsy: This technique uses a larger needle to obtain a tissue sample, providing more cells for a better diagnosis.
Aspiration cytology is particularly useful in evaluating tumors and determining if they are benign or malignant, helping to guide treatment decisions.
Both branches are crucial in the field of diagnostic pathology and provide valuable information for the management of various health conditions.
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