Which one is right:

Do you need any sugar or

Do you need a sugar?

2 answers

Sugar is a mass noun (similar to 'money', 'water', and 'air' in that it cannot be referred to as individual units by that noun.
For example:
Not a money, but a /unit/ of money such as a dollar or a pound.
Not an air, but some air, or a litre of air.
Not a sugar, but some sugar or a grain of sugar.
Wikipedia's article on mass nouns can expand on this.

TL;DR: Do you need any sugar?
Jack's right.

The right sentence is

Do you need any sugar?