Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They are essential for various biological functions and are involved in a wide array of processes in living organisms. Each amino acid has a basic structure that includes:
- Central Carbon (C): The core of the amino acid.
- Amino Group (-NH2): A functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
- Carboxyl Group (-COOH): A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH).
- Hydrogen Atom: A single hydrogen atom attached to the central carbon.
- Side Chain (R group): A variable group that determines the specific characteristics of each amino acid. There are 20 standard amino acids, each with a unique side chain.
Amino acids can be categorized into two main groups:
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Essential Amino Acids: These are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. The nine essential amino acids for humans are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
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Non-Essential Amino Acids: These are amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be obtained from dietary sources. Examples include alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid.
Amino acids play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including:
- Protein Synthesis: They link together via peptide bonds to form proteins, which are vital for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.
- Enzyme Activity: Many enzymes, which catalyze biochemical reactions, are proteins made of amino acids.
- Hormone Production: Some hormones are derived from amino acids (e.g., insulin).
- Neurotransmitter Function: Certain amino acids act as neurotransmitters or precursors for neurotransmitters.
Overall, amino acids are fundamental molecules in biology, and their proper balance and function are crucial for health and well-being.