Question

The shoulder joint is classified as a triaxial joint because it is capable of movement in all three cardinal planes. Discuss the the fundamental movements that are found in the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint.

Answer 1

The shoulder girdle and shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) are highly mobile structures with a range of fundamental movements due to their triaxial nature. The shoulder girdle consists of the scapula and clavicle, while the shoulder joint involves the humerus and scapula. Here are the fundamental movements found in both structures:

### 1. Movements of the Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joint)

The shoulder joint allows motion in three cardinal planes:

- **Flexion and Extension**:
- **Flexion** occurs when the arm moves forward and upward, bringing the humerus closer to the front of the body (e.g., raising your hand).
- **Extension** is the opposite movement, occurring when the arm moves backward, bringing the humerus back in line with the torso or behind it (e.g., reaching behind your back).

- **Abduction and Adduction**:
- **Abduction** involves moving the arm away from the body, raising it to the side (e.g., lifting your arms sideways).
- **Adduction** is the movement of the arm back towards the body (e.g., lowering your arms from an abducted position).

- **Internal (Medial) and External (Lateral) Rotation**:
- **Internal rotation** occurs when the humerus is rotated towards the body (e.g., bringing the arm inwards).
- **External rotation** is the movement of the humerus away from the body (e.g., turning the arm outward).

### 2. Movements of the Shoulder Girdle

The shoulder girdle provides support and stabilization for the arm and facilitates movement. The main movements include:

- **Elevation and Depression**:
- **Elevation** occurs when the scapula moves upward (e.g., shrugging the shoulders).
- **Depression** involves the downward movement of the scapula (e.g., returning the shoulders to a neutral position after a shrug).

- **Protraction and Retraction**:
- **Protraction** is the forward movement of the scapula away from the spine (e.g., when extending the arms in front of you, as in pushing).
- **Retraction** involves the scapula moving back towards the spine (e.g., squeezing the shoulder blades together).

- **Upward and Downward Rotation**:
- **Upward rotation** occurs when the scapula rotates in such a way that the glenoid cavity faces upward (e.g., when raising the arm overhead).
- **Downward rotation** is the opposite movement, where the scapula rotates to bring the glenoid cavity back down (e.g., when lowering the arm from an overhead position).

### Conclusion

These movements of the shoulder joint and shoulder girdle work in concert to allow for a wide range of upper limb activities, making the shoulder one of the most versatile and mobile joints in the human body. The coordination and complex interactions of muscles, tendons, and ligaments contribute significantly to the overall function and stability of the shoulder structures, enabling activities that require precision, strength, and mobility, whether in sport, daily activities, or artistic expressions.