the questions. Each question has got 4 % (marks). Handwriting and neatness of the paper will be given 2%. The total value of this assignment is 30%. Copying from friends will nullify the total value of this assignment.

Question

As a field of study anthropology has got its own unique characteristics. What are those unique characteristics?
What is culture? Do culture is something fixed or changing? If you say fixed or changing state your reason.
What do you understand by ethnicity, ethnic group and ethnic identity?
By compare and contrast techniques the three grand theories of ethnicity. From these three theories which seem best explain Oromo reality. Why?
What are the differences & similarities between Indigenous Knowledge and Global Science?
Discuss the different institutions of the Oromo Gada system?
Compare and contrast the Gada democracy in the eye of Western democracy.

Answer 1

1. As a field of study, anthropology has several unique characteristics. Firstly, it is holistic, meaning that it studies all aspects of human life – including biological, cultural, social, and linguistic dimensions – in a comprehensive manner. Secondly, anthropology is both comparative and cross-cultural, which means that it examines different societies and cultures around the world to understand the range of human variation. Additionally, anthropology emphasizes participant observation and ethnography, which involve immersive fieldwork and long-term engagement with the communities being studied. Lastly, anthropology values cultural relativism, which means understanding and interpreting other cultures in their own terms, without imposing one's own cultural biases.

2. Culture can be defined as the shared beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that characterize a particular group or society. Culture is not fixed but rather constantly changing and evolving. It is influenced by various factors, such as technological advancements, globalization, social changes, and interactions between different cultures. Culture evolves through time as new ideas, practices, and beliefs emerge, while older ones may become less relevant or fade away. This dynamic nature of culture is evident in the adaptations and transformations that occur within societies over generations.

3. Ethnicity refers to a social group's shared cultural traditions, language, ancestry, and history. An ethnic group is a community of individuals who share a common cultural identity, typically based on these characteristics. Ethnic identity refers to an individual's personal identification with a particular ethnic group. It involves a sense of belonging, pride, and connection to the cultural heritage and traditions of that group.

4. The three grand theories of ethnicity are primordialism, instrumentalism, and constructivism. Primordialism suggests that ethnicity is rooted in fixed and inherent traits, such as biological or ancestral ties, hence emphasizing the natural and enduring nature of ethnic identity. Instrumentalism argues that ethnicity is a strategic and politically motivated construction, used by individuals or groups to achieve certain goals or advantages. Constructivism views ethnicity as a social construct, shaped by historical, political, economic, and cultural factors, and subject to change and negotiation.

In the context of Oromo reality, constructivism seems to best explain the ethnic dynamics. Oromo identity has been shaped by historical and political factors, such as colonization, marginalization, and cultural revival movements. It is a fluid and evolving concept, influenced by socio-economic changes and interactions with other ethnic groups in Ethiopia.

5. Indigenous Knowledge refers to the knowledge, practices, and beliefs that are developed within a specific indigenous community or culture. It encompasses traditional ecological knowledge, healing practices, agricultural techniques, and spiritual beliefs that have been passed down through generations. Global Science, on the other hand, refers to the scientific knowledge and methodologies that are developed and shared globally through universities, research institutions, and academic publications.

Differences between Indigenous Knowledge and Global Science include their origins and sources. Indigenous Knowledge is rooted in local communities and is often developed through observation and experience, while Global Science is based on systematic research, experimentation, and peer-reviewed studies. Additionally, Indigenous Knowledge is often embedded in cultural and spiritual beliefs, while Global Science is generally focused on objective and evidence-based approaches.

However, there are also similarities between Indigenous Knowledge and Global Science. Both systems strive to understand and explain the natural and social world through observation, analysis, and knowledge accumulation. Furthermore, both can contribute valuable insights and perspectives to address complex issues and challenges.

6. The Oromo Gada system is a traditional governance system of the Oromo people in Ethiopia. It is characterized by a rotational leadership structure, with different age grades assuming leadership responsibilities for a fixed term. The Gada system includes various institutions such as the Gada council, Gumi o (assembly of warriors), Qallu (spiritual leaders), and traditional judicial system.

7. When comparing the Gada democracy to Western democracy, several differences and similarities can be observed.

Differences:
- The Gada system is based on a rotational leadership structure, where each age grade assumes leadership responsibilities, while Western democracy typically involves elections and fixed terms.
- Gada democracy places a strong emphasis on consensus and collective decision-making, while Western democracy often prioritizes majority rule.
- The Gada system incorporates traditional rituals, ceremonies, and spiritual beliefs, which are not prominent in Western democracy.
- Gada democracy has a strong focus on social cohesion, community unity, and the welfare of the collective, while Western democracy tends to prioritize individual rights and freedoms.

Similarities:
- Both systems aim to promote governance, leadership, and decision-making processes for the betterment of society.
- Transparency, accountability, and participation are valued in both systems, although the specific mechanisms may differ.
- Both systems recognize the importance of justice, fairness, and conflict resolution, although the methods and institutions involved may vary.