The method that the government might use to redistribute income from high-income earners to lower-income earners is the progressive tax.
A progressive tax system imposes higher tax rates on higher income brackets, which can help reduce income inequality by collecting more revenue from those who can afford to pay more and using that revenue to fund programs that benefit lower-income individuals.
The other options mentioned, such as food stamps, government-provided housing, and Social Security payments, are also forms of assistance but do not specifically address income redistribution in the same direct manner as a progressive tax system.