The government can use several methods to redistribute income from high-income earners to lower-income earners. Among the options you've provided, the most direct method is:
Progressive tax.
Progressive taxes are structured so that those with higher incomes pay a larger percentage of their income compared to those with lower incomes. This can help reduce income inequality by redistributing wealth from high-income earners to fund various social programs that benefit lower-income individuals.
While Social Security payments, government-provided housing, and food stamps also serve to support lower-income individuals, they are not primarily mechanisms for income redistribution in the same way that a progressive tax system is.