The backward effect of total heart failure may cause __________________. Select all that apply.

Answer 1

The backward effect of total heart failure may cause several complications or symptoms. These typically include:

1. Pulmonary congestion: Increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation can lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and possibly pulmonary edema.

2. Peripheral edema: Due to increased venous pressure, fluid may leak into surrounding tissues, leading to swelling, particularly in the legs and ankles.

3. Jugular venous distention: Elevated central venous pressure can cause distention of the jugular veins.

4. Ascites: Increased pressure in the abdominal veins may lead to fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity.

5. Hepatomegaly: Increased pressure in the hepatic circulation may cause liver enlargement.

These effects are indicative of heart failure, particularly when there is a failure in the heart's ability to pump effectively, leading to fluid backing up in the systems affected.