Pseudoscience refers to beliefs, theories, or practices that claim to be scientific but lack empirical support, methodological rigor, or adherence to the scientific method. These assertions often rely on anecdotal evidence, lack testability, and are not subject to rigorous peer review and scrutiny.
Common characteristics of pseudoscience include:
- Lack of Testability: Claims that cannot be tested or falsified through experimentation or observation.
- Anecdotal Evidence: Reliance on personal testimonies or isolated examples instead of systematic research.
- Absence of Peer Review: Lack of scrutiny by the scientific community, which is a foundational aspect of legitimate scientific inquiry.
- Overuse of Ad Hoc Rationalizations: Creating explanations that circumvent or protect the claims from counter-evidence.
- Failure to Progress: Beliefs that do not evolve based on new evidence or insights, unlike legitimate science, which self-corrects over time.
- Appeals to Authority: Claims that rely on the endorsement of individuals or groups rather than empirical evidence or research.
Examples of pseudoscience can include astrology, crystal healing, homeopathy, and various conspiracy theories that claim to explain phenomena with little to no scientific backing.
Distinguishing between science and pseudoscience is important in promoting critical thinking and ensuring that public understanding of various issues, particularly in health and technology, is based on sound evidence.