Hirschi's social bond theory, also known as control theory, was developed by sociologist Travis Hirschi in the late 1960s. This theory proposes that social bonds, or connections to society, play a critical role in preventing individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.
According to Hirschi, individuals have the potential to engage in deviant or criminal behavior due to their natural inclination toward pursuing self-interests and immediate gratification. However, the presence of social bonds serves as a constraint that discourages individuals from engaging in such activities.
Hirschi identifies four components of social bonds that act as deterrents to deviance and criminal behavior:
1. Attachment: This component refers to an individual's emotional ties and investment in significant others, such as family, friends, and community. The stronger the attachment to these individuals, the more likely individuals are to adhere to social norms and avoid criminal activities. For example, a person who has a close relationship with their parents is less likely to engage in illegal activities because they are concerned about disappointing or hurting their parents.
2. Commitment: This component relates to an individual's investment in conventional roles, goals, and aspirations within society. The more an individual is committed to pursuing education, employment, or other social roles, the less likely they are to engage in acts that may jeopardize their achievements. The fear of losing these investments acts as a deterrent to criminal behavior. For instance, a person who is committed to becoming a successful lawyer would be less likely to engage in criminal activities that could threaten their chances of achieving this goal.
3. Involvement: This component refers to an individual's engagement in conventional activities, such as work, school, or extracurricular activities. The more individuals are occupied with legitimate activities, the less time and opportunity they have to engage in deviant or criminal behavior. For example, a person who spends their time participating in sports or clubs is less likely to engage in illegal activities because their time and energy are already occupied by these legitimate activities.
4. Belief: This component pertains to an individual's acceptance and internalization of conventional societal norms, values, and moral beliefs. When individuals have a strong belief in the legitimacy of societal norms, they are more likely to conform to those norms and avoid deviant behavior. For instance, a person with a strong belief in the importance of honesty and integrity is less likely to engage in fraudulent or deceitful actions.
These four components collectively form social bonds that serve to deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. When individuals have strong attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs, they are more likely to conform to societal norms and avoid engaging in deviant or criminal acts. On the other hand, individuals who lack or weaken their social bonds are more susceptible to delinquency and criminal behavior.
Provide explanation for Hirshi social bond theory
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