To multiply 45 by 81 by hand, you can use the standard multiplication method. Here's how it works step-by-step:
- Write the numbers vertically, aligning them by the right:
45
× 81
____
- Multiply the bottom number (1) by the top number (45):
45
× 81
____
45 (1 * 45)
- Now, multiply the bottom number (8) by the top number (45). Since the 8 is in the tens place, we add a zero to the right:
45
× 81
____
45 (1 * 45)
+360 (8 * 45, shifted one position to the left)
____
- Now, add the two results together:
45
+360
____
3645
So, \( 45 \times 81 = 3645 \).
Therefore, the answer is 3,645.