The measures used to protect domestic firms against foreign competition and to control the volume of imports typically include:
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Subsidies - Financial assistance provided by governments to domestic firms to help them compete against foreign imports.
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Import Tariffs - Taxes imposed on imported goods, which raise the price of foreign products and make domestic goods more competitive.
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Import Quotas - Limits on the quantity of certain goods that can be imported, effectively controlling the supply of foreign goods in the domestic market.
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Non-Tariff Barriers - Regulatory barriers other than tariffs that countries use to control the amount of trade across their borders, which can include import licensing requirements, standards, and other practices.
Based on your provided options, the most relevant answer would be "import quotas, dumping and non-tariff barriers." However, "dumping" typically refers to the practice of selling goods at a price lower than their normal value, which is often a concern rather than a protective measure.
If we consider the main forms of protection, "subsidies, import tariffs, and exchange controls" could also be seen as a protective strategy, but exchange controls are more related to currency management rather than direct trade protection measures.
Given the nature of the question focusing on protection measures, I recommend "import quotas, dumping and non-tariff barriers" as the best option, even though "dumping" acts as a challenge to protection rather than a measure.
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