Discuss in detail the characteristics of vertebrate in terms of reproduction ii) excretion in respiration iii) Movement iv) digestion v) circulation.

Answer 1

ii) Excretion: Vertebrates excrete waste products through various organs, primarily the kidneys. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood, including nitrogenous waste such as urea, which is formed from the breakdown of proteins. The waste products are then expelled from the body as urine. The excretory system helps maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, ensuring proper functioning of the body's systems.

iii) Movement: Vertebrates have a well-developed musculoskeletal system that allows for movement. They possess a coordinated network of muscles and bones, which enable them to move in a variety of ways. Vertebrates have different types of skeletal systems, including endoskeletons (internal skeletons made of bones or cartilage) and exoskeletons (external skeletons made of chitin). These skeletons provide support, protection, and attachment points for muscles. Muscles work in tandem with the skeletal system to generate movement through the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers.

iv) Digestion: Vertebrates have complex digestive systems that enable them to break down food and absorb nutrients. The process of digestion begins with the ingestion of food, followed by mechanical and chemical digestion. Vertebrates have specialized organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which help in the breakdown of food into smaller molecules for absorption. Enzymes produced by the digestive system facilitate the chemical breakdown of food. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution to cells throughout the body, while undigested waste is eliminated through the rectum and anus.

v) Circulation: Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, meaning that blood is contained within vessels at all times. The circulatory system facilitates the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of a heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs or gills to the body's tissues through arteries, and deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via veins. The capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels, allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and cells. This circulation ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues and waste products are removed effectively.