Critically discuss the differences and similarities that can be identified on the basis of language as an external

Question

determinant of the various education systems – South Africa and the two selected developing countries.

Answer 1

Language is an external determinant that plays a significant role in shaping education systems across the globe. In this essay, we will critically discuss the differences and similarities of the education systems of South Africa and two selected developing countries based on language as an external determinant.

South Africa is a multilingual country, and its education system reflects this linguistic diversity. The country has 11 official languages, and the education policy recognizes all of them as a medium of instruction. However, English and Afrikaans remain the dominant languages in education, which could be a barrier for students who are not proficient in these languages.

In contrast, India has 22 official languages, and the education policy mandates the use of the native language as a medium of instruction up until the primary level. However, English is also used as a medium of instruction in higher education and is considered the language of opportunity. The use of the native language enhances students' ability to grasp content and build a strong foundation in their mother tongue. However, it can be argued that the emphasis on English as a medium of instruction in higher education creates a linguistic hierarchy, where individuals who are fluent in English have an advantage over those who are not.

Nigeria, like South Africa, has multiple official languages, but English is the language of instruction in all educational levels. The use of English as a medium of instruction has been criticized for creating a language divide between those who are fluent in English and those who are not. It is also argued that students may not understand the content fully and struggle to engage in critical thinking when taught in a foreign language.

In terms of similarities, both South Africa and Nigeria have similar language policies in education, with English being the language of instruction. However, in terms of differences, South Africa recognizes multiple official languages as a medium of instruction, while Nigeria uses English exclusively.

In conclusion, language is an external determinant that impacts education systems across the globe. While South Africa and India recognize the importance of using native languages as mediums of instruction, Nigeria has been criticized for its exclusive use of English as the language of instruction. Therefore, language policies in education must recognize the linguistic diversity of the population to ensure equitable access to education and create a level playing field for all students.