A.EXPLAIN CHANNEL UTILIZATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR FEATURES

Question

B.EXPLAIN CSMA/CA AS PRINCIPLE OF ACCESS PROTOCOLS

Answer 1

A. Channel utilization techniques are methods used to optimize the use of available communication channels to improve efficiency and reduce congestion. Some common channel utilization techniques include:

1. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): In this technique, the channel is divided into time slots, and each user is allocated a specific time slot to transmit data. This helps in preventing collisions and ensures fair access to the channel.

2. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): In FDMA, the channel is divided into frequency bands, and each user is assigned a specific frequency band to transmit data. This helps in separating users' signals and reducing interference.

3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning a unique code to each user. This code helps in distinguishing between different users' signals and preventing interference.

4. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): In CSMA, devices listen to the channel before transmitting data to check for any ongoing transmissions. If the channel is clear, the device can transmit data; otherwise, it waits for a random period before retrying.

5. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA): CSMA/CA is a variation of CSMA where devices also send a request to transmit before actually transmitting data. This helps in avoiding collisions and improving channel utilization.

B. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is a principle of access protocols used in communication networks to prevent collisions between data packets. In CSMA/CA, devices listen to the channel before transmitting data, and if the channel is busy, they wait for a random period of time before retrying. Additionally, devices also send a request to transmit before sending data to avoid collisions with other devices. This helps in improving channel utilization and reducing the chances of data packets colliding with each other.CSMA/CA is commonly used in wireless communication protocols like Wi-Fi to manage access to the shared channel efficiently.