A.EXPLAIN CHANNEL UTILIZATION TECHNIGUE AND THEIR FEATURES

Question

B.EXPLAIN CSMA/CA AS PRINCIPLE OF ACCESS PROTOCOLS

Answer 1

A. Channel utilization techniques are methods used to efficiently use the available bandwidth of a communication channel. Some common techniques include time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), code division multiple access (CDMA), and packet switching.

1. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): In TDM, multiple signals are transmitted over the same channel by dividing the available time into slots and assigning each signal a specific time slot. This allows multiple users to share the same channel without interference.

2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): FDM works by dividing the available frequency spectrum into multiple frequency bands, with each user being allocated a specific frequency band. This allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously without interference.

3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA allows multiple users to share the same channel by assigning each user a unique code that is used to encode their signals. This allows multiple users to transmit their signals simultaneously without interference.

4. Packet Switching: In packet switching, data is divided into packets that are transmitted independently over the channel. This allows for efficient use of the channel bandwidth as different packets from different users can be transmitted simultaneously.

B. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is a principle used in access protocols to regulate access to a shared communication channel. In CSMA/CA, a device first senses the channel to determine if it is idle before transmitting data. If the channel is busy, the device waits for a random period of time before attempting to transmit again. This random backoff mechanism helps prevent collisions and improves overall efficiency.

CSMA/CA is commonly used in wireless networks, where multiple devices share the same wireless channel. By sensing the channel before transmitting data and implementing collision avoidance measures, CSMA/CA helps reduce the chances of data collisions and ensures more reliable communication on the shared channel.