In which decade did the numbers of catholic/jews first exceed the number of protestants?

Answer 1

I think you have it backwards. The Jews and Catholic Christians were around LONG before protestantism began.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism

Answer 2

There were no Protestants at all prior to Luther's edicts on the church door.

Check this site.

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-252534/ethics