Question

In 3–5 sentences, predict how phosphorus and chlorine would bond. Explain why they would
bond that way.
(4 points)
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Short Answer Rubric (4 points)
Points
Awarded Criteria
4 The answer is very clear.
The answer is fully supported by details.
There may be a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere
with meaning.
3 The answer is mostly clear.
The answer is supported by mostly relevant details.
There are a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere with
meaning.
2 The answer is somewhat clear.
Details are weak or not related.
There are some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
1 The answer is not clear.
There are few or no supporting details.
There are many errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
0 The question is not answered.
Answer
A)
Magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to produce magnesium nitrate and water.
In one to two sentences, explain how because this chemical equation is balanced, it
demonstrates that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(2 points)
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3 )2 + 2H2O
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Short Answer Rubric (2 points)
Points
Awarded Criteria
2 The answer is very clear.
The answer is fully supported by details.
There may be a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere
with meaning.
1 The answer is somewhat clear.
Details are weak or not related.
There are some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
0 The question is not answered
Answer
Methane ( ) is a gas that is found in small quantities in Earth’s atmosphere. Are the bonds
in methane ionic or covalent according to their electronegativities, and how can one carbon
atom bond with four hydrogen atoms based on their valence electrons? In three to five
sentences, explain your answer.
(4 points)
CH4
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Short Answer Rubric (4 points)
Points
Awarded Criteria
4 The answer is very clear.
The answer is fully supported by details.
There may be a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere
with meaning.
3 The answer is mostly clear.
The answer is supported by mostly relevant details.
There are a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere with
meaning.
2 The answer is somewhat clear.
Details are weak or not related.
There are some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
1 The answer is not clear.
There are few or no supporting details.
There are many errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
0 The question is not answered.
Answer
A) Processes are described as either endothermic or exotherm depending on whether energy
is absorbed or lost. Cooking an egg is one type of process, while the formation of snow is
another. In three to five sentences, determine which process is endothermic and which process
is exothermic. Explain the reason for your answer. (4 points)
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Short Answer Rubric (4 points)
Points
Awarded Criteria
4 The answer is very clear.
The answer is fully supported by details.
There may be a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere
with meaning.
3 The answer is mostly clear.
The answer is supported by mostly relevant details.
There are a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere with
meaning.
2 The answer is somewhat clear.
Details are weak or not related.
There are some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
1 The answer is not clear.
There are few or no supporting details.
There are many errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with
meaning.
0 The question is not answered
Answered by GPT-4o mini
Phosphorus and chlorine are likely to bond through an ionic interaction due to their differing electronegativities. Phosphorus, being a more electropositive element, tends to lose electrons, while chlorine, a highly electronegative element, readily gains electrons to achieve a stable noble gas configuration. As phosphorus tends to form compounds such as phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), it will share or transfer its electrons with chlorine, enhancing stability through the formation of covalent bonds in this case. This bonding is driven by the need for both elements to achieve a full valence shell.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
The balanced equation for the reaction shows that the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side; for example, there are 1 magnesium, 2 hydroxide, and 6 nitrogen and oxygen atoms on both sides. This equality demonstrates that matter is conserved during the reaction, meaning that no atoms are created or destroyed, only rearranged.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
The bonds in methane (CH4) are covalent, as both carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities, which allows them to share electrons rather than transfer them. Carbon has four valence electrons and needs four additional electrons to achieve a full octet, while each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and requires one more to complete its duet. In methane, one carbon atom forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four hydrogen atoms, resulting in a stable molecular structure. This sharing of electrons allows both carbon and hydrogen to achieve full outer electron configurations during the bonding process.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
Cooking an egg is an endothermic process because it requires the absorption of heat energy to denature the proteins in the egg, transforming it from a liquid to a solid state. In contrast, the formation of snow is an exothermic process, as it releases heat energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and crystallizes into ice, warming the surrounding air. The distinction between these processes lies in the direction of energy flow: endothermic processes absorb energy, while exothermic processes release energy. This difference in energy exchange helps to determine the nature of the reactions involved.