Below is a model of a crucial human body system. In 4-5 complete sentences, identify the body system, and explain how it interacts with the body system that is responsible for gas exchange with the external environment.

The body system pictured is the circulatory system, while the body system responsible for gas exchange is the respiratory system. The two systems interact closely in the process of oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it diffuses into the bloodstream through the alveoli. The circulatory system then transports this oxygen-rich blood to cells throughout the body. Conversely, carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism is carried back to the lungs by the circulatory system to be exhaled, completing the gas exchange process.

Organism A (a dog) and Organism B (a plant), pictured below, have different organelles inside their cells. Imagine what would happen if Organism A could have some of the unique organelles of Organism B! In 4-5 sentences, describe which organelles Organism B has that Organism A does not, AND what functions Organism A could perform if it were possible to have Organism B's organelles!

Your answer must include:
At least 2-3 complete sentences
Identify what type of living thing Organism A and Organism B are in the picture above
At least two organelles that Organism B has that Organism A does not
• An explanation of what might happen if it were possible for Organism A to have Organism B's unique organelles!
Answers longer than 5 sentences will not be considered. Answering concisely and to the point is evidence of your understanding of the topic.

Organism A is a dog, which is an animal, while Organism B is a plant. Organism B has unique organelles such as chloroplasts and a central vacuole, which are not found in dog cells. If Organism A could have chloroplasts, it would be able to perform photosynthesis, allowing it to convert sunlight into energy and reduce its dependence on food intake. Additionally, if it had a central vacuole, it could store nutrients and help maintain turgor pressure, resulting in improved hydration and nutrient storage. This combination would drastically change the dog's energy metabolism and overall physiology.

Select whether the structure/description applies to prokaryotic cells only, eukaryotic cells only, or both types of cells.

Prokaryotic Cells only | Both Types of Cells | Eukaryotic Cells only

Genetic material
No Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria)
NO membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria)
Ribosomes
Nucleus

Here’s how the structures/descriptions apply:

1. Genetic material - **Both Types of Cells**
2. No Nucleus - **Prokaryotic Cells only**
3. Membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria) - **Eukaryotic Cells only**
4. NO membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria) - **Prokaryotic Cells only**
5. Ribosomes - **Both Types of Cells**
6. Nucleus - **Eukaryotic Cells only**

Which type of external environment is a saltwater fish best adapted?

hypertonic environment
hypotonic environment
isotonic environment
osmotic environment

A saltwater fish is best adapted to a **hypertonic environment**. In this environment, the concentration of salt in the water is higher than that inside the fish's cells, leading to a tendency for water to move out of the fish's body. Saltwater fish have adaptations to maintain their internal water balance, such as drinking seawater and actively excreting excess salt through specialized cells.

Which type of external environment is a saltwater fish best adapted?

hypertonic environment
hypotonic environment
isotonic environment
osmotic environment

A saltwater fish is best adapted to a **hypertonic environment**. In a hypertonic environment, the concentration of solutes (such as salt) in the surrounding water is higher than that inside the fish's cells. This situation causes water to move out of the fish's body, leading to a need for adaptations that help retain water and excrete excess salt, which saltwater fish possess.

Which is the reproductive process in which a cell produces two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent? (1 point)

melosis
mitosis
daughter cells
cell theory

The reproductive process in which a cell produces two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent, is called **mitosis**.

Which is the reproductive process in which a cell produces two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent? (1 point)

melosis
mitosis
daughter cells
cell theory

The reproductive process in which a cell produces two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent, is called **mitosis**.

The genetic material of the eukaryotic cell is stored inside which organelle?

Ggolgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
nucleus

The genetic material of the eukaryotic cell is stored inside the **nucleus**.

The genetic material of the eukaryotic cell is stored inside which organelle?

Ggolgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
nucleus

The genetic material of the eukaryotic cell is stored inside the **nucleus**.

What is the unique function of central vacuoles in plant cells?

They store water.
They store pigments.
They store ribosomes.
They store enzymes

The unique function of central vacuoles in plant cells is that **they store water**. Central vacuoles play a crucial role in maintaining turgor pressure, which helps support the plant structure. They can also store other substances, including pigments and waste products, but their primary function is water storage.

What is the unique function of central vacuoles in plant cells?

They store water.
They store pigments.
They store ribosomes.
They store enzymes

The unique function of central vacuoles in plant cells is that **they store water**. Central vacuoles are essential for maintaining turgor pressure within the plant cell, which helps support the plant's structure and overall form.

If eukaryotes all came about due to endosymbiosis, what would result from that?

every organism would have the same set of body systems and functions
preserved DNA from the original ancestor that remains unchanged
similar structures in eukaryotes with slight variations depending on their use
ancient prokaryotes living inside of modern eukaryotes

If eukaryotes all came about due to endosymbiosis, the result would be **similar structures in eukaryotes with slight variations depending on their use**. Endosymbiosis theory suggests that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from ancient prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This led to the development of complex eukaryotic cells with shared structural features, while allowing for adaptations and variations based on different environmental needs and functions.

If eukaryotes all came about due to endosymbiosis, what would result from that?

every organism would have the same set of body systems and functions
preserved DNA from the original ancestor that remains unchanged
similar structures in eukaryotes with slight variations depending on their use
ancient prokaryotes living inside of modern eukaryotes

If eukaryotes all came about due to endosymbiosis, the result would be **similar structures in eukaryotes with slight variations depending on their use**. Endosymbiosis suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes and other cells, leading to the development of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, which share similarities in structure and function across various eukaryotic organisms but can vary based on specific adaptations and roles.

What type of microscope was developed most recently?

scanning tunneling microscope
light based microscope
fluorescence microscope
electron microscope

The type of microscope that was developed most recently is the **scanning tunneling microscope** (STM). This microscope was invented in the 1980s and allows for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, providing insights into the structure of materials and molecules.

What type of microscope was developed most recently?

scanning tunneling microscope
light based microscope
fluorescence microscope
electron microscope

The type of microscope that was developed most recently is the **scanning tunneling microscope** (STM). It was invented in the 1980s and allows for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, making it a significant advancement in microscopy technology.

Students are examining cells from a certain organism under a microscope. They notice mitochondria, a nucleus, chloroplasts, and ribosomes in each cell. What type of cells are they viewing and how do you know? (1 point)

Plant cells due to the observation of mitochondria
Animal cells due to the observation of ribosomes
Plant cells due to the observation of chloroplasts
Prokaryotic cells due to the observation of mitochondria

They are viewing **plant cells due to the observation of chloroplasts**. Chloroplasts are specifically found in plant cells and some protists, as they are responsible for photosynthesis. The presence of a nucleus and mitochondria further indicates they are eukaryotic cells, but the key identifying feature for plant cells in this context is the chloroplasts.

Students are examining cells from a certain organism under a microscope. They notice mitochondria, a nucleus, chloroplasts, and ribosomes in each cell. What type of cells are they viewing and how do you know? (1 point)

Plant cells due to the observation of mitochondria
Animal cells due to the observation of ribosomes
Plant cells due to the observation of chloroplasts
Prokaryotic cells due to the observation of mitochondria

They are viewing **plant cells due to the observation of chloroplasts**. Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and some algae, as they are involved in the process of photosynthesis. The presence of mitochondria and a nucleus also indicates that these are eukaryotic cells, but the definitive characteristic for identifying them as plant cells is the presence of chloroplasts.

Which statement best describes macromolecules? (1 point)

Macromolecules are biological molecules with different functions, but they are built from the same basic components.
Macromolecules are the larger forms of certain biological molecules, where many of the basic components are connected.
Macromolecules are four categories of important biological molecules, each with its own basic components and functions.
Macromolecules are the four major categories of important molecules, one of which is biological molecules.

The statement that best describes macromolecules is **"Macromolecules are four categories of important biological molecules, each with its own basic components and functions."** This statement accurately reflects the classification of macromolecules into categories such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, each serving distinct roles in biological processes.

Which statement best describes macromolecules? (1 point)

Macromolecules are biological molecules with different functions, but they are built from the same basic components.
Macromolecules are the larger forms of certain biological molecules, where many of the basic components are connected.
Macromolecules are four categories of important biological molecules, each with its own basic components and functions.
Macromolecules are the four major categories of important molecules, one of which is biological molecules.

up-vote

The statement that best describes macromolecules is **"Macromolecules are four categories of important biological molecules, each with its own basic components and functions."** This statement accurately captures the essence of macromolecules, which include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, each serving distinct roles and having unique structures.

How is energy released from molecules to power cellular functions?

An ATP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ADP.
An ADP molecule adds a phosphate group, forming ATP
An ADP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ATP.
An ATP molecule adds a phosphate group, forming ADP.

Energy is released from molecules to power cellular functions when **an ATP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ADP**. This process occurs during ATP hydrolysis, where the bond between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP is broken, releasing energy that can be used for various cellular activities.

How is energy released from molecules to power cellular functions?

A. An ATP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ADP.
B. An ADP molecule adds a phosphate group, forming ATP
C. An ADP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ATP.
D. An ATP molecule adds a phosphate group, forming ADP.

Energy is released from molecules to power cellular functions when **A. An ATP molecule releases a phosphate group, forming ADP.** This process releases energy that is utilized for various cellular activities.

Which of the following makes treating and curing the common cold virus in humans difficult?

It attacks white blood cells that fight off foreign bodies.
It is caused by a special type of virus called a retrovirus.
It is a spherical-shaped virus with many protein receptors.
It possesses a viral genome that mutates very quickly.

The factor that makes treating and curing the common cold virus in humans difficult is **"It possesses a viral genome that mutates very quickly."** The high mutation rate of the cold virus, primarily caused by rhinoviruses, allows it to change rapidly, making it challenging for the immune system to mount an effective and lasting response, as well as complicating the development of targeted treatments and vaccines.

Which of the following makes treating and curing the common cold virus in humans difficult?

It attacks white blood cells that fight off foreign bodies.
It is caused by a special type of virus called a retrovirus.
It is a spherical-shaped virus with many protein receptors.
It possesses a viral genome that mutates very quickly.

The factor that makes treating and curing the common cold virus in humans difficult is **"It possesses a viral genome that mutates very quickly."** The rapid mutation of the virus allows it to evade the immune system and complicates the development of effective treatments and vaccines.

If a person has high blood pressure, the first step of doctor might take is to prescribe a basic blood pressure medication that helps the kidneys remove sodium and water from the body. How does this medicine work to fix the issue? (1 point)

It decreases the likelihood of clots forming, reducing blood pressure.
It improves blood quality, reducing blood pressure.
It reduces blood volume, reducing blood pressure.
It removes blockages, reducing blood pressure,

The correct answer is **"It reduces blood volume, reducing blood pressure."** This type of medication, often a diuretic, helps the kidneys eliminate excess sodium and water from the body, which decreases the overall volume of blood in circulation, leading to lower blood pressure.

If a person has high blood pressure, the first step of doctor might take is to prescribe a basic blood pressure medication that helps the kidneys remove sodium and water from the body. How does this medicine work to fix the issue? (1 point)

It decreases the likelihood of clots forming, reducing blood pressure.
It improves blood quality, reducing blood pressure.
It reduces blood volume, reducing blood pressure.
It removes blockages, reducing blood pressure,

The correct answer is **"It reduces blood volume, reducing blood pressure."** This type of medication, often referred to as a diuretic, helps the kidneys excrete excess sodium and water, which in turn decreases the total volume of blood, leading to lower blood pressure.

Which of the following would be considered an advantage of using a scientific model?

Scientific models may be over simplified
Scientific models may not show the complete picture
Scientific models can differ in the level of details shown
Scientists can use models for research when real objects are too large to obtain

The statement that would be considered an advantage of using a scientific model is **"Scientists can use models for research when real objects are too large to obtain."** This highlights the practical benefit of using models to study and understand systems or objects that cannot be easily accessed or examined directly, allowing scientists to explore and experiment in a manageable way.

Which of the following would be considered an advantage of using a scientific model?

Scientific models may be over simplified
Scientific models may not show the complete picture
Scientific models can differ in the level of details shown
Scientists can use models for research when real objects are too large to obtain

The statement that would be considered an advantage of using a scientific model is **"Scientists can use models for research when real objects are too large to obtain."** This illustrates how models allow scientists to study and analyze situations or objects that are impractical or impossible to work with directly.

Which animal is often used to model human body systems?

sheep
pig
cow
rabbit

The animal that is often used to model human body systems is the **pig**. Pigs share physiological similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for research in areas such as organ transplantation, cardiovascular studies, and digestive processes.

Which animal is often used to model human body systems?

sheep
pig
cow
rabbit

The animal that is often used to model human body systems is the **pig**. Pigs have anatomical and physiological similarities to humans, making them valuable models for research in various medical and biological studies.

Which important event occurs in the second trimester of human development? (1 point)

The developing human starts responding to sounds.
The developing human can begin to move its arms and legs.
The heartbeat of the developing human strengthens and can be heard of via stethoscope.
The face of the developing human starts to form.

The important event that occurs in the second trimester of human development is **"The developing human can begin to move its arms and legs."** During this stage, the fetus begins to exhibit motor activity and movements become more noticeable.

Which important event occurs in the second trimester of human development? (1 point)

The developing human starts responding to sounds.
The developing human can begin to move its arms and legs.
The heartbeat of the developing human strengthens and can be heard of via stethoscope.
The face of the developing human starts to form.

The important event that occurs in the second trimester of human development is **"The developing human can begin to move its arms and legs."** During this trimester, fetal movements become more pronounced and noticeable, often referred to as "quickening."

Click and drag the phases of human development into the correct order. Place the earliest stage at the top, and the latest stage at the bottom.

(2 points)
Fetus
Blastocyst
Zygote
Gametes
Embryo

The correct order of the phases of human development from the earliest stage to the latest stage is:

1. **Gametes**
2. **Zygote**
3. **Blastocyst**
4. **Embryo**
5. **Fetus**

Which of the following is the male sex hormone produced in the testes?

egg
estrogen
sperm
testosterone

The male sex hormone produced in the testes is **testosterone**.

Which of the following is the male sex hormone produced in the testes?

egg
estrogen
sperm
testosterone

The male sex hormone produced in the testes is **testosterone**.

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision and color perception?

occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal

The lobe of the brain that is responsible for vision and color perception is the **occipital** lobe.

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision and color perception?

occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal

The lobe of the brain that is responsible for vision and color perception is the **occipital** lobe.

Unlike ferns, angiosperms use _____ to contain their embryos.

pollen
spores
sporangium
seeds

Unlike ferns, angiosperms use **seeds** to contain their embryos.

Unlike ferns, angiosperms use _____ to contain their embryos.

pollen
spores
sporangium
seeds

Unlike ferns, angiosperms use **seeds** to contain their embryos.

A plant hormone called abscisic acid helps plants become dormant during cooler months and control water loss. Which plant structure also helps with the prevention of water loss, and aids in gas exchange? (1 point)

xylem
chloroplast
stoma
seed

The plant structure that helps with the prevention of water loss and aids in gas exchange is the **stoma** (or stomata). Stomata are small openings on the surfaces of leaves that allow for the exchange of gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, while also regulating water loss through transpiration.

A plant hormone called abscisic acid helps plants become dormant during cooler months and control water loss. Which plant structure also helps with the prevention of water loss, and aids in gas exchange? (1 point)

xylem
chloroplast
stoma
seed

The plant structure that helps with the prevention of water loss and aids in gas exchange is the **stoma**. Stomata are openings on the surfaces of leaves that facilitate the exchange of gases while regulating water loss through transpiration.

Alternation of generations in plants permits

only mitosis.
neither mitosis nor meiosis.
both mitosis and meiosis
only meiosis.

Alternation of generations in plants permits **both mitosis and meiosis**. This life cycle includes a diploid sporophyte stage that undergoes meiosis to produce spores, which then develop into the haploid gametophyte stage. The gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis, completing the cycle when gametes fuse to form a new sporophyte.