English has several vowel sounds, which can be represented in various ways. Here’s a list of the primary vowel sounds along with 10 common spellings for each:
1. /iː/ (as in 'see')
- ea (meat)
- ee (see)
- e (she)
- ie (field)
- y (happy)
- ei (ceiling)
- ey (key)
- I (machine)
- ᾱ (syllable)
- ue (blue)
2. /ɪ/ (as in 'sit')
- i (sit)
- y (gym)
- u (busy)
- e (met)
- eo (leopard)
- ii (Kilimanjaro)
- ey (they)
- ir (bird in certain accents)
- ill (will)
- ǝ (syllable)
3. /eɪ/ (as in 'say')
- ay (play)
- ai (rain)
- ei (weigh)
- ey (they)
- a-e (make)
- eigh (eight)
- ae (aesthetic)
- a (say)
- e (same in some accents)
- (silent 'gh' as in 'day')
4. /ɛ/ (as in 'bed')
- e (bed)
- ea (bread)
- ai (said)
- ey (they)
- æ (cat in certain accents)
- A (plaid)
- ie (die in certain accents)
- e (met)
- ᾱ (argue)
- oe (foe in certain accents)
5. /æ/ (as in 'cat')
- a (cat)
- ai (fair)
- ay (day in certain accents)
- e (met in certain accents)
- au (caught in certain accents)
- ae (aesthetic)
- ǝ (say in certain accents)
- e (bet in certain accents)
- ye (they in certain accents)
- o (hot in certain accents)
6. /ʌ/ (as in 'cup')
- u (cup)
- o (done)
- ou (wound)
- oo (foot in certain accents)
- aw (saw in certain accents)
- al (talk)
- a (was)
- e (pen in certain accents)
- ᾱ (lava in certain accents)
- o (ton in certain accents)
7. /ɔː/ (as in 'more')
- or (for)
- aw (saw)
- au (caught)
- al (calm)
- ore (more)
- oar (bore)
- ar (car in certain accents)
- a (father in certain accents)
- ō (broke in certain accents)
- o (do in certain accents)
8. /ə/ (as in 'sofa')
- a (sofa)
- e (taken)
- o (harmony)
- u (supply)
- er (her)
- ir (bird)
- ur (fur)
- ar (dollar)
- y (sylvan)
- ei (reign)
9. /ʊ/ (as in 'book')
- u (book)
- oo (good)
- ou (group)
- ue (blue)
- o (wolf in certain accents)
- o (tooth in certain accents)
- ō (mood in certain accents)
- (lost in certain accents)
- o (foot in certain accents)
- ou (cousin)
10. /uː/ (as in 'food')
- oo (food)
- u (flute)
- ew (few)
- ue (blue)
- o (move)
- ou (you)
- e (thee)
- ui (fruit)
- ᾱ (cruise in certain accents)
- o (do in certain accents)
11. /aɪ/ (as in 'my')
- i (my)
- y (cry)
- ay (say)
- ai (rain)
- ei (vein)
- igh (high)
- uy (buy)
- i-e (like)
- a (my in certain accents)
- e (thee in some contexts)
12. /aʊ/ (as in 'how')
- ou (out)
- ow (how)
- o (some analysis)
- a (bought in certain accents)
- ǝ (laugh)
- au (haust)
- aw (draw in certain accents)
- oe (goe can sound like 'grow')
- ᾱ (foul)
- a (sound in certain accents)
13. /ɔɪ/ (as in 'boy')
- oy (boy)
- oi (coin)
- a (foy in certain accents)
- o (floor in certain accents)
- u (pua in certain accents)
- e (noise in certain contexts)
- ie (lie can sound like 'slay' in certain accents)
- ei (slay in certain accents)
- r (royal in certain contexts)
- y (happy in certain contexts)
Remember, the representations can vary by accent and dialect, and some of these sounds may have fewer examples in standard dictionaries. Additionally, not all spellings will be equally common.