what update anomalies

Answer 1

Update anomalies refer to issues that can occur when making changes to a database, often resulting in inconsistencies or errors. There are three main types of update anomalies:

1. Insertion anomaly: This occurs when a new record cannot be added to the database without also adding other unrelated data. For example, if a customer cannot be added to the system without also adding an order, this would be considered an insertion anomaly.

2. Deletion anomaly: This occurs when deleting a record unintentionally removes other related data. For example, if deleting an order also deletes the customer information associated with that order, this would be considered a deletion anomaly.

3. Modification anomaly: This occurs when updating data in the database leads to inconsistencies or errors. For example, if updating the price of a product in one table does not update the price in another table, this would be considered a modification anomaly.

Update anomalies can cause data integrity issues and make it difficult to maintain and use the database effectively. To prevent update anomalies, it is important to design the database schema properly and normalize the data to eliminate redundancy and ensure data consistency.