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What was the land Revenue systems in the British India
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During the British colonial rule in India, several land revenue systems were introduced. The prominent systems include:
1. Permanent Settlement: This system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It aimed to establish a fixed revenue demand on land in perpetuity. Zamindars (landlords) were made intermediaries between the British government and the farmers. The revenue demand was fixed, and any increase in productivity did not lead to an increase in revenue. However, if the land remained uncultivated, the zamindars had to pay the fixed revenue demand.
2. Ryotwari System: This system was implemented in Madras (now Tamil Nadu) and Bombay (now Maharashtra) presidencies. Under this system, the government directly collected revenue from individual peasant farmers or ryots. The revenue demand was assessed annually based on the productivity of the land. This system aimed to ensure direct interaction between the government and the farmers, reducing the exploitation by intermediaries.
3. Mahalwari System: This system was introduced in the Punjab region and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Ajmer-Merwara. It involved the grouping of villages into revenue circles or mahals. The revenue was assessed collectively for each mahal, and the responsibility of collection and payment was given to village headmen or lambardars. The revenue demand was subject to revision periodically based on changes in agricultural productivity.
4. Zamindari System: This system was prevalent in parts of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Zamindars were landlord intermediaries who collected revenue from peasants on behalf of the British government. They often enjoyed considerable power and privileges and were responsible for maintaining law and order in their estates. They had the authority to increase the revenue demand and extract additional payments from the peasants.
These land revenue systems had different impacts on the agrarian economy and led to varying degrees of exploitation and prosperity among the farmers. The Permanent Settlement system favored the traditional elites and often led to exploitation of the peasants. The Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems had mixed outcomes, with some farmers benefiting from direct interaction with the government while others faced increasing revenue demands. The Zamindari system resulted in the concentration of land in the hands of a few elites and exploitation of the peasants.
1. Permanent Settlement: This system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It aimed to establish a fixed revenue demand on land in perpetuity. Zamindars (landlords) were made intermediaries between the British government and the farmers. The revenue demand was fixed, and any increase in productivity did not lead to an increase in revenue. However, if the land remained uncultivated, the zamindars had to pay the fixed revenue demand.
2. Ryotwari System: This system was implemented in Madras (now Tamil Nadu) and Bombay (now Maharashtra) presidencies. Under this system, the government directly collected revenue from individual peasant farmers or ryots. The revenue demand was assessed annually based on the productivity of the land. This system aimed to ensure direct interaction between the government and the farmers, reducing the exploitation by intermediaries.
3. Mahalwari System: This system was introduced in the Punjab region and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Ajmer-Merwara. It involved the grouping of villages into revenue circles or mahals. The revenue was assessed collectively for each mahal, and the responsibility of collection and payment was given to village headmen or lambardars. The revenue demand was subject to revision periodically based on changes in agricultural productivity.
4. Zamindari System: This system was prevalent in parts of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Zamindars were landlord intermediaries who collected revenue from peasants on behalf of the British government. They often enjoyed considerable power and privileges and were responsible for maintaining law and order in their estates. They had the authority to increase the revenue demand and extract additional payments from the peasants.
These land revenue systems had different impacts on the agrarian economy and led to varying degrees of exploitation and prosperity among the farmers. The Permanent Settlement system favored the traditional elites and often led to exploitation of the peasants. The Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems had mixed outcomes, with some farmers benefiting from direct interaction with the government while others faced increasing revenue demands. The Zamindari system resulted in the concentration of land in the hands of a few elites and exploitation of the peasants.
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