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process of fertilisation in plants
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Fertilization in plants is the process of sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. Here is a step-by-step explanation of the process:
1. Pollination: First, the male reproductive structures of the flower, called anthers, release pollen grains. These pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the female reproductive structure, called the stigma. This transfer of pollen can occur through various mechanisms, such as wind, insects, or other animals.
2. Germination: Once the pollen grains land on the stigma, they produce a pollen tube. This tube grows through the stigma and down the style, which is the long, slender part of the female reproductive structure. The tube contains two sperm cells.
3. Ovule development: Within the ovary, the female reproductive structure, lies one or more undeveloped ovules. During the process of fertilization, one ovule typically develops into a seed. The ovule contains the female gamete, the egg cell.
4. Double fertilization: The pollen tube reaches the ovary and enters the ovule through a small opening called the micropyle. Once inside, one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote. This is known as the process of syngamy. The other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei found in the ovule to form a triploid cell, which will develop into the endosperm.
5. Seed development: The fertilized zygote develops into an embryo within the ovule. The other cells of the ovule surrounding the embryo develop into the seed coat. The endosperm, formed from the fusion of the second sperm cell, provides nutrients for the developing embryo.
6. Seed dispersal: Once the seed is fully developed, it is dispersed from the parent plant. This can occur through various methods, such as wind dispersal, animal dispersal, or water dispersal.
7. Germination: When the seed lands in a suitable environment, such as moist soil, it undergoes germination. The seed absorbs water, which activates enzymes and allows the embryo to grow and develop into a new plant.
This is a general overview of the process of fertilization in plants. However, the specific mechanisms and structures involved may vary depending on the type of plant.
1. Pollination: First, the male reproductive structures of the flower, called anthers, release pollen grains. These pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the female reproductive structure, called the stigma. This transfer of pollen can occur through various mechanisms, such as wind, insects, or other animals.
2. Germination: Once the pollen grains land on the stigma, they produce a pollen tube. This tube grows through the stigma and down the style, which is the long, slender part of the female reproductive structure. The tube contains two sperm cells.
3. Ovule development: Within the ovary, the female reproductive structure, lies one or more undeveloped ovules. During the process of fertilization, one ovule typically develops into a seed. The ovule contains the female gamete, the egg cell.
4. Double fertilization: The pollen tube reaches the ovary and enters the ovule through a small opening called the micropyle. Once inside, one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote. This is known as the process of syngamy. The other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei found in the ovule to form a triploid cell, which will develop into the endosperm.
5. Seed development: The fertilized zygote develops into an embryo within the ovule. The other cells of the ovule surrounding the embryo develop into the seed coat. The endosperm, formed from the fusion of the second sperm cell, provides nutrients for the developing embryo.
6. Seed dispersal: Once the seed is fully developed, it is dispersed from the parent plant. This can occur through various methods, such as wind dispersal, animal dispersal, or water dispersal.
7. Germination: When the seed lands in a suitable environment, such as moist soil, it undergoes germination. The seed absorbs water, which activates enzymes and allows the embryo to grow and develop into a new plant.
This is a general overview of the process of fertilization in plants. However, the specific mechanisms and structures involved may vary depending on the type of plant.
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