The Autonomous Region of Bougainville presents a compelling example of both separatist and integrationist nationalism within Papua New Guinea (PNG). Following a prolonged struggle for independence, Bougainville's movement for separation became significant after the Bougainville Civil War in the late 1980s and early 1990s, stemming from grievances over resource extraction and a desire for self-determination. Proponents of separatist nationalism in Bougainville seek full independence from PNG, driven by a distinct cultural identity and a history of conflict over governance and resources.
Conversely, integrationist nationalism emphasizes unity with PNG while advocating for greater autonomy and self-governance within the national framework. In 2001, the Bougainville Peace Agreement granted the region considerable autonomy, leading to the establishment of a government and democratic processes. The subsequent 2019 referendum, where an overwhelming majority voted for independence, reflects both the separatist sentiment and the desire for integration within a reformed national context. As Bougainville navigates its future, the interplay between these nationalist perspectives continues to shape its political landscape and relations with the central government of PNG.
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