The Autonomous Region of Bougainville, located in Papua New Guinea, is a pivotal example of the dynamics between separatist and integrationist nationalism. Following a long-standing desire for greater autonomy and independence, driven by economic grievances over resource exploitation (particularly copper and gold from the Bougainville Copper Mine), Bougainville experienced a violent conflict known as the Bougainville Civil War from 1988 to 1998. This war underscored strong separatist sentiments among many Bougainvilleans, who sought independence based on issues of self-determination and cultural identity.
In response to these aspirations, the Papua New Guinea government, recognizing the need for a peaceful resolution, established the Bougainville Peace Agreement in 2001. This agreement granted Bougainville a significant degree of autonomy and the promise of a referendum on independence, which ultimately took place in 2019. Bougainvilleans overwhelmingly voted for independence, reflecting a strong separatist nationalism fueled by a desire for self-governance and control over local resources.
However, integrationist nationalism also plays a role, as the Papua New Guinea government seeks to maintain national unity and territorial integrity. Responses to Bougainville's quest for independence highlight the tension between these two nationalisms: the desire of Bougainvilleans to break away and self-determine versus the national government's interest in keeping the region integrated within Papua New Guinea.
In summary, Bougainville exemplifies the conflict between separatist nationalism aiming for independence and integrationist nationalism striving for a unified state, creating a complex narrative in Papua New Guinea's post-colonial context.
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