World History Enlightenment Thinkers Webquest

Question

Directions: Please complete the following webquest chart using 8 pt. font!!!
John Locke: Locke's Political Philosophy
Thomas Hobbes: Thomas Hobbes : A Short Biography ,
Baron de Montesquieu: Baron de Montesquieu : A Short Biography
Jean Jacques Rousseau: Jean Jacques Rousseau (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire
Voltaire: Voltaire (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Mary Wollstonecraft: Mary Wollstonecraft | Biography, Beliefs, Books, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, & Facts | Britannica

Philosopher
Country/ Years Birth-Death
Publication
Thoughts on human rights and structure of government
John Locke

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thomas Hobbes

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Baron de Montesquieu

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jean Jaques Rousseau

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Voltaire

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mary Wollstonecraft

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Please identify the Enlightenment thinker who said the following:
___________________________"No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

___________________________ "Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

________________________ “I do (may) not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.”

___________________________”All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.”

Answer 1

Here is a completed webquest chart summarizing key information about Enlightenment thinkers:

Philosopher: John Locke

Country/Years Birth-Death: England, 1632-1704

Publication: "Two Treatises of Government" (1689), "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690)

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
2. Introduced the concept of the social contract, where governments have power only through consent of the governed.
3. Argued that it is the duty of the government to protect the rights of individuals.
4. Believed that individuals have the right to overthrow a government that fails to protect their rights.
5. Influenced the development of liberal democracy and modern political philosophy.

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Philosopher: Thomas Hobbes

Country/Years Birth-Death: England, 1588-1679

Publication: "Leviathan" (1651)

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and conflict.
2. Believed that in a state of nature, life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
3. Proposed the idea of the social contract, where individuals consent to yield some freedoms to a sovereign for peace and security.
4. Supported absolute monarchy as the best form of government to maintain order.
5. Viewed human nature as inherently self-interested and conflict-prone.

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Philosopher: Baron de Montesquieu

Country/Years Birth-Death: France, 1689-1755

Publication: "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748)

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for the separation of powers within government (executive, legislative, judicial).
2. Argued that a balanced government would protect individual liberty and prevent tyranny.
3. Emphasized the importance of laws and their relationship to social and political conditions.
4. Believed that government should reflect the unique characteristics of each society.
5. Influenced democratic thought and constitutional design worldwide.

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Philosopher: Jean Jacques Rousseau

Country/Years Birth-Death: Switzerland/France, 1712-1778

Publication: "The Social Contract" (1762), "Emile, or On Education" (1762)

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for popular sovereignty and the general will of the people.
2. Believed that man is born free but is corrupted by society.
3. Supported the idea of direct democracy as the best means for true freedom.
4. He placed a strong emphasis on education and the development of individual morality.
5. Critiqued social inequality and lamented the effects of materialism.

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Philosopher: Voltaire

Country/Years Birth-Death: France, 1694-1778

Publication: "Candide" (1759), numerous essays and plays

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for freedom of speech and religious tolerance.
2. Critiqued organized religion and dogma, promoting rational thought.
3. Opposed oppressive governments and supported civil liberties.
4. Believed in the idea of progress and the improvement of humanity through reason.
5. Emphasized the importance of individual rights over collective tradition.

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Philosopher: Mary Wollstonecraft

Country/Years Birth-Death: England, 1759-1797

Publication: "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792)

Thoughts on human rights and structure of government:

1. Advocated for women's rights and gender equality.
2. Argued that women should have access to education and opportunities based on reason.
3. Asserted that social constructs, rather than natural differences, impeded women's rights.
4. Believed in the need for women to have autonomy and be regarded as equals in society.
5. Influenced early feminist thought and movements for women's suffrage.

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Quotes Attribution:

1. Thomas Hobbes: "No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau: "Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
3. Voltaire: “I do (may) not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.”
4. John Locke: ”All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.”

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