Sympathetic stimulation and stress inhibit insulin release and action as part of the body's "fight-or-flight" response to make glucose readily available for energy and to mobilize the body's resources.
When the body is under stress or sympathetic stimulation, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, resulting in the release of stress hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones act on various organs and tissues, including the pancreas, where insulin is produced.
1. Decreased insulin secretion: Stress hormones inhibit the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. This is because in times of stress, the body needs to provide energy quickly, and insulin promotes the storage of energy (glucose) in cells. By inhibiting insulin release, the body ensures that glucose remains available in the blood for immediate use.
2. Increased insulin resistance: Sympathetic stimulation and stress also increase insulin resistance. Insulin resistance refers to a decreased sensitivity of cells to the effects of insulin, resulting in reduced glucose uptake from the blood. This occurs because stress hormones promote the breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) into glucose and stimulate the liver to produce more glucose through gluconeogenesis. By increasing insulin resistance, the body ensures that glucose is available for use by tissues that require energy during times of stress.
Overall, the inhibition of insulin release and the increase in insulin resistance during sympathetic stimulation and stress help mobilize glucose from stores and maintain higher blood glucose levels, ensuring an immediate energy supply for the body's response to stress.
Why sympathetic stimulation and stress inhibit insulin
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