The reason it rains more heavily on the windward side of mountain ranges is primarily due to the process known as orographic lift. Here’s a breakdown of the most accurate explanation among the provided options:
Prevailing winds bring warm, moist air masses from sea level to high altitudes, cooling the air and causing rain.
When air encounters a mountain range, it is forced to rise as it moves over the mountains. As the air rises, it expands and cools. Cool air can hold less moisture than warm air, so the moisture contained in the air condenses to form clouds, leading to precipitation (rain or snow) on the windward side of the mountains.
In summary, the orographic effect leads to heavy precipitation on the windward side while the leeward side typically experiences a rain shadow, where the air descends, warms, and dries, resulting in significantly less rainfall.