Why did Chinese officials consider European traders to be smugglers?

Question

1. Chinese officials were wary of all foreigners.
2. European traders brought forbidden items into China.
3. European traders entered China without permission.
4. European traders refused to pay tribute.

Answer 1

5. European traders engaged in illegal trade activities such as opium smuggling.

Answer 2

pick one of my answers

Answer 3

2. European traders brought forbidden items into China.