The dominant imperial powers of the 19th and early 20th centuries were primarily:
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Great Britain: As the world's largest empire during the height of imperialism, Britain controlled vast territories across Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific, most notably India, Australia, and large parts of Africa.
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France: France established a significant colonial empire, particularly in West and North Africa, parts of Southeast Asia (like Indochina), and the Caribbean.
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Germany: Although a relatively latecomer to imperialism, Germany acquired colonies in Africa (like Cameroon and Namibia) and in the Pacific until the end of World War I.
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Belgium: Belgium's King Leopold II personally controlled the Congo Free State, leading to severe exploitation and suffering of the Congolese people.
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Italy: Italy sought to expand its influence by acquiring territories in Africa, such as Libya and parts of the Horn of Africa.
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Portugal: While Portugal's empire was in decline compared to its earlier height, it still maintained colonies in Africa (like Angola and Mozambique) and parts of Asia (such as Goa in India).
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Russia: Russia expanded its influence across Central Asia, Siberia, and Alaska, as well as into Eastern Europe and the Far East.
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Japan: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan emerged as an imperial power, particularly after its victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), which led to its control over Korea and parts of China.
These powers were involved in a complex network of colonization, trade, and competition that shaped global dynamics during this period.