To outline the chronological order of significant events and people that led to the collapse of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire, here is the correct timeline:
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Plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus assassinated (133 BCE) - Tiberius Gracchus was one of the first reformers advocating for land reforms. His assassination highlighted the increasing violence in Roman politics.
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Plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus assassinated (121 BCE) - Following in his brother’s footsteps, Gaius Gracchus continued social reforms, and his assassination marked further escalation of political violence.
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First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus established (60 BCE) - This informal alliance between three of Rome's most powerful figures helped them consolidate power, setting the stage for further conflicts.
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Caesar officially declares war on Rome proper by crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE) - This act of defiance against the Senate precipitated a civil war and marked a critical point in the struggle for power.
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Octavian succeeds Caesar and forms the Second Triumvirate (43 BCE) - After Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE, Octavian (later Augustus), Marc Antony, and Lepidus formed this political alliance to defeat Caesar's assassins and solidify control.
This timeline captures key moments that contributed to the transformation from the Roman Republic to the Empire, culminating in Augustus’s rise as the first emperor.