The statement that best explains the differences between the democracy of the Athenian polis and the structure of the Roman Republic is:
The senate of the Roman Republic was composed of wealthy patrician magistrates whereas the Athenian ecclesia and Council of 500 were made up of various citizens drawn by lot from different territories within Athens.
This captures a key distinction between the two systems: the social class composition of their governing bodies and the method by which representatives were chosen.