Which statement best describes the process of crossing over?(1 point)

Question

Responses

Homologous chromosomes pair up, and non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material.
Homologous chromosomes pair up, and non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material.

Homologous chromatids pair up, and non-sister chromosomes exchange genetic material.
Homologous chromatids pair up, and non-sister chromosomes exchange genetic material.

Pairs of homologous chromatids are divided in half and distributed randomly into new diploid cells.
Pairs of homologous chromatids are divided in half and distributed randomly into new diploid cells.

Pairs of homologous chromosomes are divided in half and distributed randomly into new haploid cells.
Pairs of homologous chromosomes are divided in half and distributed randomly into new haploid cells.
Question 2
A student is completing a Punnett square for a trait that is complete (simple) dominance. Both parents are heterozygous for the trait (Aa). What is the likelihood that they have an offspring that does NOT have the dominant trait?(2 points)
Responses

0%
0%

25%
25%

50%
50%

75%
75%
Question 3
Which cell is formed by meiosis?(1 point)
Responses

skin cell
skin cell

Egg cell
Egg cell

red blood cell
red blood cell

heart cell
heart cell
Question 4
Humans can have red blood cells that are of type A (IA), type B (IB), or type O (i). These three different alleles can be combined in different ways following Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. The resulting genotypes make either type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type A blood is a combination of either two A alleles (IA IA) or one A allele and one O allele (IAi). Similarly, type B blood is coded for by either two B alleles (IB IB) or one B allele and one O allele (IBi). What pattern of inheritance is human blood type?(1 point)
Responses

polygenic inheritance
polygenic inheritance

multiple alleles inheritance
multiple alleles inheritance

incomplete dominance inheritance
incomplete dominance inheritance

codominance inheritance
codominance inheritance
Question 5
This is the original strand of DNA: ATG AAG TTT GGC TAA. Which option would represent a frameshift mutation due to INSERTION MUTATION?(1 point)
Responses

ATG UAA GTT TGG CTA A
ATG UAA GTT TGG CTA A

ATG AAG TTG GCT AA
ATG AAG TTG GCT AA

ATG AAG TTT CGC TAA
ATG AAG TTT CGC TAA

ATG TTT GGC TAA
ATG TTT GGC TAA
Question 6
How are genotypes and phenotypes related?(1 point)
Responses

Both determine differences in genetic makeup.
Both determine differences in genetic makeup.

Both determine the alleles individuals receive.
Both determine the alleles individuals receive.

Genotypes determine the phenotypes expressed.
Genotypes determine the phenotypes expressed.

Phenotypes determine the genotypes expressed.
Phenotypes determine the genotypes expressed.
Question 7
Do mutations in sex cells contribute to genetic variation?(2 points)
Responses

No, the causes of sex cell mutations are outside the body and cannot alter DNA.
No, the causes of sex cell mutations are outside the body and cannot alter DNA.

Yes, these sex cell mutations lead to mutations in the somatic cells.
Yes, these sex cell mutations lead to mutations in the somatic cells.

Yes, the mutations can be passed on to offspring and contribute to variation in the population.
Yes, the mutations can be passed on to offspring and contribute to variation in the population.

No, the mutations cannot be passed to offspring and only affect the individual.
No, the mutations cannot be passed to offspring and only affect the individual.
Question 8
A garden contains 30 flowers, 15 of which are red. What is the frequency of red flowers?(1 point)
Responses

0.25
0.25

1.0
1.0

0.5
0.5

0.75
0.75
Question 9
A tall pea plant results from a dominant tall allele while the short phenotype results from two recessive alleles. What is the frequency of short offspring (pp) when a tall pea plant with one tall allele (Pp) is cross-pollinated with a short pea plant (pp)?(2 points)
Responses

0.25
0.25

0.75
0.75

0.5
0.5

1.0
1.0
Question 10
In a moth population, 42 are brown, 20 are yellow, and 54 are black. What is the approximate probability of a moth being black? (Round your answer.)(2 points)
Responses

16%
16%

35%
35%

47%
47%

2%
2%
Question 11
What is the term used to describe any living or nonliving things that influence another living organism?(1 point)
Responses

variation
variation

environmental factors
environmental factors

frameshift mutations
frameshift mutations

distribution
distribution
Question 12
Are mutations always bad?(1 point)
Responses

No, mutations are always helpful.
No, mutations are always helpful.

No, mutations create variety, which can give some individuals advantages.
No, mutations create variety, which can give some individuals advantages.

Yes, mutations always result in death for the organism.
Yes, mutations always result in death for the organism.

Yes, mutations always cause problems for an organism, such as genetic diseases.
Yes, mutations always cause problems for an organism, such as genetic diseases.
Question 13
Epigenetics ultimately affects ____.(1 point)
Responses

DNA replication.
DNA replication.

gene sequencing.
gene sequencing.

gene expression.
gene expression.

DNA shape.
DNA shape.
Question 14
Which statement best describes how radiation causes mutations?(1 point)
Responses

Radiation breaks down DNA bonds, and the cell repairs the bonds incorrectly.
Radiation breaks down DNA bonds, and the cell repairs the bonds incorrectly.

Radiation triggers DNA replication and splits the complementary base pairs.
Radiation triggers DNA replication and splits the complementary base pairs.

Radiation breaks down DNA bonds, and the bonds remain broken.
Radiation breaks down DNA bonds, and the bonds remain broken.

Radiation triggers DNA replication, and the cell produces two identical DNA molecules.
Radiation triggers DNA replication, and the cell produces two identical DNA molecules.
Question 15
Which statement best explains how genetic mutations produce genetic variation?(2 points)
Responses

A strand of DNA is translated into RNA and a codon is skipped. The protein resulting from the RNA strand is expressed as a new trait.
A strand of DNA is translated into RNA and a codon is skipped. The protein resulting from the RNA strand is expressed as a new trait.

A cell divides twice, forming four gametes, each with unique characteristics due to crossing over and independent assortment.
A cell divides twice, forming four gametes, each with unique characteristics due to crossing over and independent assortment.

A population of individuals is hunted to the brink of extinction. The remaining individuals reproduce, and their limited genetics are passed on to the subsequent generations.
A population of individuals is hunted to the brink of extinction. The remaining individuals reproduce, and their limited genetics are passed on to the subsequent generations.

A male and a female with different alleles reproduce to make offspring that have a new combination of genotypes and phenotypes.
A male and a female with different alleles reproduce to make offspring that have a new combination of genotypes and phenotypes.
Question 16
Which term is used to describe a change in a DNA sequence?(1 point)
Responses

gamete
gamete

meiosis
meiosis

mutation
mutation

genotype
genotype
Question 17
Which results in genetic variation in body cells?(2 points)
Responses

crossing over
crossing over

mutations caused by environmental factors
mutations caused by environmental factors

errors during gamete DNA replication
errors during gamete DNA replication

meiosis
meiosis
Question 18
Which statement is the best example of trait variation?(2 points)
Responses

Researchers discover differences in leaf thickness between populations of a new oak species.
Researchers discover differences in leaf thickness between populations of a new oak species.

Researchers discovere that high winter yield is possible in a new species of rice.
Researchers discovere that high winter yield is possible in a new species of rice.

Researchers discover different mouth sizes in two new species of freshwater bass.
Researchers discover different mouth sizes in two new species of freshwater bass.

Researchers discovere that gender in two new species of turtles is influenced by temperature.
Researchers discovere that gender in two new species of turtles is influenced by temperature.
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Answer 1

Here are the best responses to each question based on your provided options:

Question 1: Which statement best describes the process of crossing over?

• Homologous chromosomes pair up, and non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material.

Question 2: A student is completing a Punnett square for a trait that is complete (simple) dominance. Both parents are heterozygous for the trait (Aa). What is the likelihood that they have an offspring that does NOT have the dominant trait?

• 25%

Question 3: Which cell is formed by meiosis?

• Egg cell

Question 4: What pattern of inheritance is human blood type?

• multiple alleles inheritance

Question 5: Which option would represent a frameshift mutation due to INSERTION MUTATION?

• ATG AAG TTT GGC TAA (Note: None of the provided options are clearly indicative of an insertion mutation as they all seem normal. An example would be: ATG AAG [X] TTT GGC TAA, where [X] represents an inserted base. Please double-check.)

Question 6: How are genotypes and phenotypes related?

• Genotypes determine the phenotypes expressed.

Question 7: Do mutations in sex cells contribute to genetic variation?

• Yes, the mutations can be passed on to offspring and contribute to variation in the population.

Question 8: A garden contains 30 flowers, 15 of which are red. What is the frequency of red flowers?

• 0.5

Question 9: What is the frequency of short offspring (pp) when a tall pea plant with one tall allele (Pp) is cross-pollinated with a short pea plant (pp)?

• 50%

Question 10: In a moth population, 42 are brown, 20 are yellow, and 54 are black. What is the approximate probability of a moth being black?

• 47% (Total = 42 + 20 + 54 = 116; Probability = 54/116 ≈ 0.464 or 47%)

Question 11: What is the term used to describe any living or nonliving things that influence another living organism?

• environmental factors

Question 12: Are mutations always bad?

• No, mutations create variety, which can give some individuals advantages.

Question 13: Epigenetics ultimately affects ____.

• gene expression.

Question 14: Which statement best describes how radiation causes mutations?

• Radiation breaks down DNA bonds, and the cell repairs the bonds incorrectly.

Question 15: Which statement best explains how genetic mutations produce genetic variation?

• A male and a female with different alleles reproduce to make offspring that have a new combination of genotypes and phenotypes.

Question 16: Which term is used to describe a change in a DNA sequence?

• mutation

Question 17: Which results in genetic variation in body cells?

• mutations caused by environmental factors

Question 18: Which statement is the best example of trait variation?

• Researchers discover differences in leaf thickness between populations of a new oak species.

Feel free to ask if you need any further explanations or a breakdown for any of the questions!