Here are the answers to your questions:
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Which Polish astronomer studied a sun-centered model of the universe?
- Answer: Copernicus
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How did Ptolemy’s model reveal major flaws over time?
- Answer: Additional epicycles had to be added to ensure the positioning of the planets were correct
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Why was the idea of a sun-centered model a challenge for Copernicus?
- Answer: He was a devout Catholic
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Which of the following is true of the geocentric model?
- Answer: It could not explain the changes in the brightness of the planets
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Who came up with the heliocentric model?
- Answer: Copernicus
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Who can be credited with establishing the four seasons?
- Answer: Copernicus
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What was Copernicus missing when calculating the planets’ positions and their distances from the Sun?
- Answer: The knowledge of an elliptical orbit
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Who used parallax to measure the actual distances between the planets and the sun in 1672?
- Answer: Cassini
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How do astronomers measure the planets’ distances from the Sun today?
- Answer: Astronomical unit
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Which of the following did Copernicus assume in his theories?
- Answer: Planets move in circular orbits and at constant speeds
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What are the two important criteria for proving scientific models?
- Answer: Test of simplicity and predictive power
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Who was determined to address the flaws in Copernicus’ theory?
- Answer: Kepler
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Which of the following did Tycho Brahe believe?
- Answer: The Earth was in the center of the Suns’s orbit
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Who was Tycho Brahe’s assistant?
- Answer: Kepler
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Who worked toward a model of planetary motion that would fit the data observed by his predecessors?
- Answer: Kepler
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Which of the following is Kepler’s first law of planetary motion?
- Answer: Planets have an elliptical orbit
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Which of the following is Kepler’s second law of planetary motion?
- Answer: Planets change speed throughout their orbits
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When are planets at their fastest?
- Answer: Perihelion
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When are planets at their slowest?
- Answer: Aphelion
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Which of the following describes perihelion?
- Answer: The planet is the closest to the sun
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Which of the following describes aphelion?
- Answer: The planet is the farthest from the sun
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Which of the following is Kepler’s third law of planetary motion?
- Answer: Gravity keeps planets near the sun (Note: While you provided options that don’t correctly state Kepler’s third law, it actually states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit; none of the provided options are entirely correct.)
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What is the orbital period of Mars?
- Answer: 1.881 years
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What can be used to determine the distance from a planet to the sun?
- Answer: Orbital period
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What can be used to determine the orbital period of a planet?
- Answer: Area of the orbit
Feel free to ask if you have more inquiries or need further clarification!
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