d All of the above
All the examples provided illustrate Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- In option (a), when the horse pulls the cart, the cart also exerts a force in the opposite direction on the horse.
- In option (b), when the hammer strikes the nail, the nail exerts an equal and opposite force on the hammer.
- In option (c), when the soccer ball bounces off the wall, the wall exerts a force back on the ball, causing it to change direction.
Thus, all these examples demonstrate action-reaction pairs consistent with Newton's Third Law.