To accurately identify which of the listed options was one cause of the four effects in your diagram, I would need more context regarding what the specific "four effects" are. However, I can provide some general connections:
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Spread of Religion: The spread of Christianity or Islam often influenced societal structures, art, and culture, leading to significant changes in governance and social norms.
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Invasions of Europe: Events like the fall of the Roman Empire and the subsequent invasions can lead to changes in political structures, societal organization, and cultural developments.
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Development of Feudalism: This system arose in response to the need for security and stability following invasions and societal changes.
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Improvement in Farming: Advancements in agricultural techniques, such as the three-field system or new plowing technology, can lead to population growth and increased food supply, which can support more complex societal structures.
If you can clarify the specific four effects mentioned in the diagram, I could provide a more precise answer regarding which of the options listed might be a cause of those effects.