To determine which of the options listed ("spread of religion," "invasions," or "farming") is a cause of the four effects in your diagram, we need to analyze the relationships between these factors.
-
Spread of Religion: This can lead to cultural diffusion and influence social structures, which might indirectly lead to some of the effects, but it typically doesn't directly cause invasions or the development of feudalism.
-
Invasions: Historical invasions often lead to significant social and political changes, including the breakdown of centralized authority and the rise of feudal systems for protection. Invasions can also disrupt farming practices and change religious dynamics as new cultures come into contact.
-
Farming: The development of agriculture is a fundamental aspect of civilization. However, while it can influence social structures, it doesn't directly cause invasions or the spread of religion without other factors in play.
Given the context and historical trends, invasions would likely be the strongest cause among the three for the effects related to the other two options. Invasions can disrupt societies, leading to a need for feudal systems and impacting the spread of religion and farming practices.
If you have specific effects listed in your diagram, please share them for a more tailored analysis.