The beginning of the progressive movement was primarily influenced by the following reasons:
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Renewed interest in regulating big business: As corporations grew in size and power, there was increasing concern about monopolies and unfair business practices, prompting calls for regulation.
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Rising social problems caused by rapid growth in cities: The rapid urbanization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to numerous social issues, including poor working conditions, poverty, and inadequate housing, which motivated reform efforts.
The other two options—Significant decrease in American population and Passage of antitrust laws and regulations—do not directly relate to the motivations behind the progressive movement. The population did not significantly decrease during this period; in fact, it was on the rise. Antitrust laws and regulations were a product of the progressive movement rather than a reason for its emergence.
Therefore, the primary factors that led to the beginning of the progressive movement were the renewed interest in regulating big business and rising social problems caused by rapid urban growth.