Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?(1 point)

Question

Responses

a deletion of 3 bases near the center of a gene
a deletion of 3 bases near the center of a gene

all mutations have a harmful effect on organisms
all mutations have a harmful effect on organisms

there is not enough information to know whether a mutation would be harmful
there is not enough information to know whether a mutation would be harmful

a substitution of a thymine for an adenine

Answer 1

The most likely mutation to have a harmful effect on an organism from the options provided would be a deletion of 3 bases near the center of a gene. This type of mutation can lead to the loss of an amino acid in the resulting protein, which can significantly affect the protein's structure and function.

In contrast, a substitution of a single nucleotide (like a thymine for an adenine) may or may not have a harmful effect, as it is possible for such substitutions to be silent (not changing the amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code) or result in a less critical change.

The other two options either suggest that all mutations are harmful (which isn't true, as many mutations can be neutral or even beneficial) or indicate a lack of information, which is not applicable to the context of comparing these specific mutations.

Answer 2

Which statement best describes why Punnett squares are useful?(1 point)
Responses

Punnett squares are used to predict how dominant alleles are inherited.
Punnett squares are used to predict how dominant alleles are inherited.

Punnett squares are used to predict the most likely allele combinations of the parents in a cross.
Punnett squares are used to predict the most likely allele combinations of the parents in a cross.

Punnett squares are used to predict how recessive alleles are inherited.
Punnett squares are used to predict how recessive alleles are inherited.

Punnett squares are used to predict all possible allele combinations and their frequencies in offspring.

Answer 3

The statement that best describes why Punnett squares are useful is: Punnett squares are used to predict all possible allele combinations and their frequencies in offspring.

Punnett squares are a tool in genetics that allow for the visualization of possible genotypes resulting from the mating of two parents, regardless of whether the alleles are dominant or recessive. They help determine the probabilities of each genotype in the offspring.

Answer 4

DNA and Protein Synthesis
In the 1940s, scientists thought all genetic material was contained in structures called chromosomes and that chromosomes had been found only in the nucleus of a cell (not in the cytoplasm!).

Chromosomes are composed of 2 types of molecules, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Proteins are composed of subunits called amino acids. DNA consists of chains of subunits called nucleotides. The parts of chromosomes that are responsible for the transmission of genetic information are called genes. Two scientists in the 1940s debate whether genes are made of proteins or DNA.

Protein Hypothesis

Genes are made only of proteins. Proteins make up 50% or more of a cell’s dry weight. Cells contain 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in a virtually infinite number of ways to make different proteins. The number and arrangement of different amino acids within a protein form the codes that contain hereditary information. In contrast, only 4 different nucleotides make up the DNA found in cells, and they are believed to form chains only in certain ratios. As a result, the number of different combinations that DNA can carry is much smaller than the number that proteins can carry.

DNA Hypothesis

Genes are made only of DNA. DNA is found exclusively in the cell’s nucleus, whereas proteins are found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Additionally, the amount of protein in a cell varies from cell type to cell type, even within the same animal. Though DNA is less abundant than proteins, the amount is consistent from cell type to cell type within the same animal, except for the gametes (the reproductive cells). Gametes have half the amount of DNA as other cells in the body. Gametes also have half the typical number of chromosomes. Thus, the amount of DNA in a cell is correlated with the number of chromosomes in the cell. No such correlation is found for proteins.

Question 1
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the DNA Hypothesis? The amount of DNA will generally increase from cell type to cell type as the number of:(1 point)
Responses

amino acids in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type.
amino acids in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type.

chromosomes in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type.
chromosomes in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type.

chromosomes in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.
chromosomes in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.

amino acids in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.
amino acids in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.
Question 2
By referring to the observation that DNA is found exclusively in the nucleus while proteins are found throughout the cell, the scientist supporting the DNA Hypothesis implies that genes are made only of DNA because which of the following are also found only in the nucleus?(1 point)
Responses

Gametes
Gametes

Chromosomes
Chromosomes

Amino Acids
Amino Acids

Proteins
Proteins
Question 3
According to the Protein Hypothesis, which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence that genes are NOT composed of DNA ?(1 point)
Responses

DNA is abundant in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
DNA is abundant in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

DNA is composed of smaller subunits than are proteins.
DNA is composed of smaller subunits than are proteins.

The concentration of DNA is generally consistent from cell to cell.
The concentration of DNA is generally consistent from cell to cell.

DNA is composed of only 4 types of nucleotides.
DNA is composed of only 4 types of nucleotides.
Question 4
Mitochondria are organelles located in the cytoplasm that are responsible for energy transformation in a cell.After the1940s, it was observed that mitochondria contain their own genes. This observation contradicts evidence stated in which hypothesis?(1 point)
Responses

The DNA Hypothesis, because if genes are made of DNA, the observation would show that DNA is present inside the nucleus.
The DNA Hypothesis, because if genes are made of DNA, the observation would show that DNA is present inside the nucleus.

The Protein Hypothesis, because if genes are made of proteins, the observation would show that proteins are present inside the nucleus.
The Protein Hypothesis, because if genes are made of proteins, the observation would show that proteins are present inside the nucleus.

The DNA Hypothesis, because if genes are made of DNA, the observation would show that DNA is present outside the nucleus.
The DNA Hypothesis, because if genes are made of DNA, the observation would show that DNA is present outside the nucleus.

The Protein Hypothesis, because if genes are made of proteins, the observation would show that proteins are present outside the nucleus.

Answer 5

Here are the answers to each of your questions based on the given context:

Question 1:
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the DNA Hypothesis? The amount of DNA will generally increase from cell type to cell type as the number of:
Answer: chromosomes in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.
This aligns with the DNA Hypothesis, which states that the amount of DNA is correlated with the number of chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus.

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Question 2:
By referring to the observation that DNA is found exclusively in the nucleus while proteins are found throughout the cell, the scientist supporting the DNA Hypothesis implies that genes are made only of DNA because which of the following are also found only in the nucleus?
Answer: Chromosomes
Chromosomes contain DNA and are found exclusively in the nucleus, supporting the idea that genes (made of DNA) are located there as well.

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Question 3:
According to the Protein Hypothesis, which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence that genes are NOT composed of DNA?
Answer: DNA is composed of only 4 types of nucleotides.
This statement supports the Protein Hypothesis by highlighting the limitation of DNA's complexity compared to proteins, which consist of a greater variety of amino acids.

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Question 4:
Mitochondria are organelles located in the cytoplasm that are responsible for energy transformation in a cell. After the 1940s, it was observed that mitochondria contain their own genes. This observation contradicts evidence stated in which hypothesis?
Answer: The DNA Hypothesis, because if genes are made of DNA, the observation would show that DNA is present outside the nucleus.
The presence of DNA in mitochondria suggests that genetic material can exist outside the nucleus, which contradicts the DNA Hypothesis.

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