The best example of a demographic factor commonly used to examine change in total population over time from the given options is birth rate. Birth rate directly impacts population growth and change over time, making it a key demographic factor in demographic studies.
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Population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population, not a demographic factor itself for examining changes.
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Race/ethnicity is another demographic factor but is not typically used alone to measure changes in total population over time.
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Industrial Revolution is a historical event and not a demographic factor.
Therefore, the correct answer is birth rate.
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