Which of the following is a limitation of models?
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Models usually do not have exactly the same features as the objects or events that they represent
It is often easier to study models rather than the objects or events that they represent.
Sometimes models provide data when data cannot be acquired from natural objects or events.
Models are often safer to study than the objects or events that they represent.
3. A scientist read about an experiment done by someone else. She does the same experiment in her lab to make sure it works. This is an example of
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replication
redundancy
replacement
repetition
4. The factor that is changed throughout an experiment is called the _______.
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constant
hypothesis
variable
apparatus
Unit 2: Earth's Energy Systems
5. Which type of rock contains minerals arranged in crystals and forms when molten rock cools and turns solid?
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sedimentary rock
fossilized rock
metamorphic rock
igneous rock
6. The main agents that cause metamorphic rocks to form are
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melting and cooling.
heat and pressure.
deposition and compaction.
weathering and erosion.
7. Rocky material from the Earth's interior can reach the surface, and be pushed and folded upward during the process of _______. One of the processes that works to return this material back to the Earth's interior is _______.
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weathering; mountain building
erosion; mountain building
mountain building; erosion
weathering; erosion
8. What causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins?
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the carbon cycle and the Earth's magnetic field
the tides and solar eclipses
heat flow and the movement of material inside the Earth
the water cycle and the Moon's gravitational influence
9. Some rocks are formed by heat and pressure. What is the heat source for rock formation?
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heat from forest fires
heat from Earth's interior
heat from electrical currents
heat from the Sun
10. Which of the following natural disasters often occurs at the boundaries between tectonic plates?
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hurricane
tornado
flood
earthquake
Unit 3: Age of the Earth
11. The diagram below shows several rock layers and other geologic features. Each feature is labeled with a unique letter. The order of the letters do not necessarily reflect the order in which the features formed. Examine the diagram, and answer the question that follows. Using the principles of original horizontality, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships, determine which of the following features is the youngest.
*
Captionless Image
N
G
R
H
12. The Law of Superposition helps scientists to
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decipher the different types of sedimentary rock.
learn more about how sedimentary rock is formed.
determine the age of layers of rock.
learn more about how fossils are formed.
13. The diagram below shows a stack of rock layers. Examine the diagram, and answer the question that follows. Layer T contains a well-known index fossil that is 120 million years old. Layer R contains a different index fossil that is 100 million years old. Based on this information and the principle of superposition, how old is Layer M?
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Captionless Image
younger than 100 million years
either 20 million or 220 million years old
older than 120 million years
between 100 million and 120 million years old
14. The images below show how the Earth's continents looked 250 million years ago and how they look today. The change in the continents' positions is explained by the modern theory of plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics developed in part from an earlier hypothesis about how continents move. What is the name of this earlier hypothesis?
*
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continental drift
natural selection
earthquake development
evolution
Unit 4: Natural Resources
15. A renewable resource is one that is continually produced, such as the wind and sunlight. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
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iron ore
fresh water
petroleum
diamonds
16. Cars, trucks, and buses use petroleum—which is a fossil fuel—to power them. Mrs. Cash has a class of 20 students. Half of her students get rides to school from their parents. The other half take the bus. If it takes the same amount of energy to transport three students to school by bus as it takes to transport one student by car, how could the amount of energy Mrs. Cash's students use be reduced the most?
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They could all ask their parents to take longer routes to school.
They could all ride in different cars to school.
They could all ride the bus to school.
They could all choose to ride in cars that use more petroleum.
17. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source?
*
wind power
solar power
gasoline
biofuel
18. Which of the following is NOT a good way to manage a natural resource?
*
recycling glass, plastic, and paper
taking long showers
walking instead of driving to nearby places
installing solar cells to power homes
Unit 5: Human Impacts on the Environment
19. Dax just completed a report on car transportation. He concluded that gasoline prices will likely rise significantly in the years to come and recommends lower-cost car transportation for the future. Dax's younger sister, Ava, just completed a report on air pollution. Ava concluded that gasoline-powered cars cause too much pollution and recommends that they should not be used in the future. Which of the following is a solution for the future that would follow both Dax's and Ava's recommendations?
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development of cars that run on fuels that pollute less and cost less than gasoline
enactment of laws that require gasoline to cost more and cause more pollution
development of gasoline-powered cars that have better fuel efficiency
enactment of laws requiring all people to ride bicycles instead of driving cars
20. Where extensive deforestation has occurred, _______ is often a result.
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increased diversity
increased erosion
mountain building
improved water quality
21. Urban areas tend to be warmer than the rural areas that surround them. This is mainly caused by how the materials that humans use for building, such as concrete, absorb and radiate energy from the Sun. This is known as the "heat island" effect. Which of the following can be altered by the heat island effect?
*
local volcanic activity
the ocean tides
local weather patterns
the movement of crustal plates
22. Acid rain contributes to soil erosion. Acid rain can be caused by
*
drought.
chemicals released into the air by factories.
over fertilization of farmlands.
sudden cloud formation
Unit 6: Thermal Energy
23. A sample of nitrogen gas is at 37°C (99°F). If heat is removed from the sample, its temperature will _______, and it could undergo a change of state into a ________.
*
decrease; liquid
increase; solid
increase; liquid
decrease; gas
24. Which of the following correctly describes how heat moves when it is conducted between objects?
*
from smaller objects to larger objects
from cooler objects to warmer objects
from larger objects to smaller objects
from warmer objects to cooler objects
25. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving in currents is
*
correction.
conduction
convection
connection
26. Many people have a tendency to think that heat and temperature are the same thing. However, this is not true. Heat describes
*
energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler objects.
the average amount of energy possessed by an object due to the potential energy stored in its bonds.
the average amount of energy possessed by an object due to the motion of its particles.
energy that flows from cooler objects to warmer objects.
Unit 7: Waves
27. Which of the following is true about light waves and sound waves?
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Sound waves and light waves travel at the same speed through different materials.
Light waves can move at different speeds, but sound waves always move at the same speed.
Sound waves can move at different speeds, but light waves always move at the same speed.
They each travel at different speeds when moving through different materials.
28. White light is made up of
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only the types of visible light with very long wavelengths.
ultraviolet light and gamma rays.
infrared light and radio waves.
a spectrum of many different colors of light.
29. When an object such as a stone is dropped into water, it disturbs the surface of the water. Waves form at the surface of the water and travel outward from the point of the disturbance. The diagram below is based on a single frame from a video of the waves that formed when a stone was dropped into water. If a student were to measure the distance labeled as "Z," she would know the value of the _______ of the wave.
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wavelength
frequency
radius
amplitude
30. A machine produces compression waves in a spring that is 120 cm long by pulsing twice every second. The back and forth movement of the pulse creates compressed sections of the spring that are 30 cm apart and travel toward the other end of the spring. Which property of the wave does the value of two per second describe?
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frequency
wavelength
amplitude
intensity