Which of the following examples would most likely exhibit primary succession?

Question

field left fallow by a sugar beet farmer
new lava flow from the Cumbre Vieja volcano on the Canary Islands
forest fire in a national park
clear-cutting a forest to use the lumber to make paper

Answer 1

new lava flow from the Cumbre Vieja volcano on the Canary Islands

Primary succession typically occurs on newly exposed land, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat, where there was no previous soil or vegetation present. In this case, the new lava flow would create a barren landscape that would need to be colonized by pioneering plants and organisms starting the process of primary succession.