which of the following events most directly contributed to the establishment of Israel as a nation?

1) Exodus
2) Diaspora
3) Crusades
4) Holocaust

I think 4

2 answers

Israel as it exists today? I agree.
Heck no. The Holocaust was a genocide (mass killing) of Jews and other people. This had nothing to do with the forming of Israel. It was the Diaspora. Your welcome.